https://doi.org/10.1140/epjb/s10051-025-01050-w
Research - Statistical and Nonlinear Physics
Ecological sensitivities to the interplay of Allee effects, prey refuge and supplementary food resources in a predator–prey system
1
Department of Basic Science and Humanities, Indian Institute of Information Technology, 813210, Bhagalpur, India
2
Department of Mathematics, School of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, SR University, 506371, Warangal, Telangana, India
3
Department of Applied Science and Humanities, Shaheed Bhagat Singh State University, 152004, Ferozepur, Punjab, India
4
Department of Mathematics & Statistics, Umeschandra College, 700012, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
Received:
10
July
2025
Accepted:
12
September
2025
Published online:
26
September
2025
This study presents a modified prey–predator model incorporating the Allee effect and Holling-type IV functional response to explore complex dynamics arising from anti-predator behavior, cooperative defense, prey refuge mechanisms, and additional food for the predator. The model is analyzed to explore stability, bifurcation behavior, and population thresholds for the species coexistence. By introducing factors, such as prey refuge and alternative food sources for predator, our study highlights the intricate feedback mechanisms stabilizing population cycles. The simulation results highlight that enhancing prey refuge and incorporating Allee effects can promote prey growth while limiting predator abundance. Additionally, we observe that when the prey growth rate is low, only the predator species can survive. Overall, our findings extend classical results, offering a robust framework for the long-term ecological balance.
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© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to EDP Sciences, SIF and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2025
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
