Eur. Phys. J. B 69, 583-598 (2009)
https://doi.org/10.1140/epjb/e2009-00140-5

Theoretical vs. empirical classification and prediction of congested traffic states

¹ ETH Zurich, UNO D11, Universitätstr. 41, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
² Institute for Transport & Economics, TU Dresden, Andreas-Schubert-Str. 23, 01062 Dresden, Germany

Corresponding author: ^a dhelbing@ethz.ch

Received: 27 October 2008
Revised: 4 March 2009
Published online: 22 April 2009

Abstract

Starting from the instability diagram of a traffic flow model, we derive conditions for the occurrence of congested traffic states, their appearance, their spreading in space and time, and the related increase in travel times. We discuss the terminology of traffic phases and give empirical evidence for the existence of a phase diagram of traffic states. In contrast to previously presented phase diagrams, it is shown that “widening synchronized patterns” are possible, if the maximum flow is located inside of a metastable density regime. Moreover, for various kinds of traffic models with different instability diagrams it is discussed, how the related phase diagrams are expected to approximately look like. Apart from this, it is pointed out that combinations of on- and off-ramps create different patterns than a single, isolated on-ramp.