Eur. Phys. J. B 71, 273-280 (2009)
https://doi.org/10.1140/epjb/e2009-00287-y

Gradual learning and the evolution of cooperation in the spatial Continuous Prisoner's Dilemma

¹ Departamento de Estadística, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28903 Madrid, Spain
² Departamento de Economía, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28903 Madrid, Spain
³ IFISC, Instituto de Física Interdisciplinar y Sistemas Complejos (CSIC-UIB), 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain

Corresponding author: ^a raul.jimenez@uc3m.es

Received: 4 May 2009
Published online: 18 August 2009

Abstract

The usual mechanism for modeling learning in spatially structured evolutionary games has to date been imitation of some successful neighbor. However, it seems natural that individuals hesitate to imitate their neighbor's acts, specially if they can imply high costs. Here we study the effect of incorporating resistance to imitation on these models. Our framework is the spatial Continuous Prisoner's Dilemma. For this evolutionary game, it has been reported that occasional errors in the imitation process can explain the emergence of cooperation from a non-cooperative initial state. In this work, we show that this only occurs for particular regimes of low costs of cooperation. Furthermore, we display how resistance gets greater the range of scenarios where cooperative individuals can invade selfish populations. In this context, where resistance to imitation can be interpreted as a general rule of gradual learning, our results show that the less that is learnt in a single step from a successful neighbors, the larger the degree of global cooperation finally attained. In general, the effect of step-by-step learning can be more efficient for the evolution of cooperation than a full blast one.